Reports & Papers

August 13, 2026
Kochi green bonds

Is Kochi Ready for Green Bonds? A Regulatory, Fiscal and Institutional Assessment

As Indian cities face growing infrastructure and climate-financing needs, municipal green bonds offer a potential pathway to mobilise long-term capital for sustainable and climate-resilient urban development. For Kochi, a low-lying coastal city increasingly exposed to flooding, heat stress and climate […]
July 17, 2026
Bus Transport

Why is Bus Transport Still Stuck in the Era of Nationalisation?

Travel across Indian cities today, and a stark contrast is impossible to miss. Booking a cab takes seconds, mobile data is among the cheapest in the world, and banking is a screen-tap away. But step onto a city bus, and […]
July 14, 2026
Kerala's Intercity Mobility Crisis

When a Bus Becomes a Policy Problem: Kerala’s Intercity Mobility Crisis and the AITP Question

Kerala’s bus network is in structural decline. The availability of bus services in the state fell from one bus for every 910 people in 2000 to one for every 2,807 people in 2023 (CPPR, 2026). Over the same period, private […]
July 8, 2026
เด—เตเดฐเดพเดฎเดตเดฃเตเดŸเดฟเด•เตเด•เต เด…เดชเตเดชเตเดฑเด‚

เด—เตเดฐเดพเดฎเดตเดฃเตเดŸเดฟเด•เตเด•เต เด…เดชเตเดชเตเดฑเด‚: เด•เต‡เดฐเดณเดคเตเดคเดฟเดจเตเดฑเต† เด—เตเดฐเดพเดฎเต€เดฃ เด—เดคเดพเด—เดคเดคเตเดคเต† เดชเตเดคเตเด•เตเด•เดฟ เดšเดฟเดจเตเดคเดฟเด•เตเด•เต‡เดฃเตเดŸ เดธเดฎเดฏเด‚

เด†เดฒเตเดตเดฏเดฟเดฒเต† เดคเตเดฐเตเดคเตเดคเต เด‡เดจเตเดจเต เด’เดฑเตเดฑเดชเตเดชเต†เดŸเตเดŸ เด’เดฐเต เดฆเตเดตเต€เดชเดฒเตเดฒ. เด…เดžเตเดšเต เดชเดพเดฒเด™เตเด™เดณเดพเดฃเต   เดคเตเดฐเตเดคเตเดคเดฟเดจเต† เดชเตเดฑเด‚เดฒเต‹เด•เดตเตเดฎเดพเดฏเดฟ เดฌเดจเตเดงเดฟเดชเตเดชเดฟเด•เตเด•เตเดจเตเดจเดคเต. เด…เดคเดฟเตฝ เดฎเต‚เดจเตเดจเต†เดฃเตเดฃเด‚ เดตเดพเดนเดจเด—เดคเดพเด—เดคเดคเตเดคเดฟเดจเต เด…เดจเตเดฏเต‹เดœเตเดฏเดตเตเดฎเดพเดฃเต. เดฑเต‹เดกเตเด•เดณเตเดฃเตเดŸเต, เดตเดพเดนเดจเด™เตเด™เดณเตเดฃเตเดŸเต, เด†เดฒเตเดต เดชเดŸเตเดŸเดฃเด‚ เดเดคเดพเดจเตเด‚ เด•เดฟเดฒเต‹เดฎเต€เดฑเตเดฑเตผ เดฎเดพเดคเตเดฐเด‚ เด…เด•เดฒเต†เดฏเตเดฎเดพเดฃเต. เดŽเดจเตเดจเดฟเดŸเตเดŸเตเด‚ เด•เตเดฑเดžเตเดž เดšเต†เดฒเดตเดฟเตฝ เดฏเดพเดคเตเดฐ เดšเต†เดฏเตเดฏเตเด• เดŽเดจเตเดจเดคเต เดชเดฒเตผเด•เตเด•เตเด‚ เด’เดฐเต เดตเต†เดฒเตเดฒเตเดตเดฟเดณเดฟเดฏเดพเดฃเต. เด•เต‡เดฐเดณเดคเตเดคเดฟเดฒเต† เด—เตเดฐเดพเดฎเต€เดฃ เด—เดคเดพเด—เดคเดคเตเดคเดฟเดจเตเดฑเต† เดฏเดพเดฅเดพเตผเดฅเตเดฏเด‚ เดˆ เดตเดฟเดฐเต‹เดงเดพเดญเดพเดธเดคเตเดคเดฟเดฒเดพเดฃเต เด’เดณเดฟเดžเตเดžเดฟเดฐเดฟเด•เตเด•เตเดจเตเดจเดคเต. […]
May 26, 2026
Keralaโ€™s rural mobility crisis

Keralaโ€™s Rural Mobility Crisis Is Not About Roads โ€“ It Is About Access

Thuruth village in Aluva, is no longer an island. Five bridges now connect the village to the mainland, three of them motorable. Roads exist, vehicles move, and Aluva lies barely a few kilometres away. Yet for most residents, public transport […]
May 22, 2026
Keralaโ€™s public transport debate

Public Interest and the Vortex of Bus Route Nationalisation

The phrase โ€œpublic interestโ€ is one of the most frequently invoked justifications in transport policy and perhaps one of the least clearly defined. Under Section 99 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (and the earlier Section 68C of the Motor […]
May 12, 2026
Kerala Bus Permits

Beyond the State’s Business Class: Why Kerala’s Bus Permit Regime Needs Retirement

The Kerala State Road Transport Corporation’s announcement of “Business Class” Volvo services on the Kochiโ€“Thiruvananthapuram corridor is, in one sense, a candid admission. The state has conceded what commuters have known for years: public transit in Kerala is failing travellers. […]
February 24, 2026

เด•เต†.เดŽเดธเต.เด†.เตผ.เดŸเดฟ.เดธเดฟเด•เตเด•เต เด•เต‹เดŸเดฟเด•เตพ, เดธเตเดตเด•เดพเดฐเตเดฏ เดฌเดธเตเด•เตพเด•เตเด•เต เดจเดฟเดฏเดจเตเดคเตเดฐเดฃเด™เตเด™เตพ: เด•เต‡เดฐเดณเด‚ เดฌเดธเต เดชเต†เตผเดฎเดฟเดฑเตเดฑเต เดธเด‚เดตเดฟเดงเดพเดจเด‚ เด‰เดŸเดšเตเดšเตเดตเดพเตผเด•เตเด•เต‡เดฃเตเดŸเดคเต เดŽเดจเตเดคเตเด•เตŠเดฃเตเดŸเต?

เด•เต†เดŽเดธเตเด†เตผเดŸเดฟเดธเดฟเด•เตเด•เต เด—เดฃเตเดฏเดฎเดพเดฏ เดธเดพเดฎเตเดชเดคเตเดคเดฟเด• เดธเดนเดพเดฏเด‚ เดจเตฝเด•เดฟเด•เตเด•เตŠเดฃเตเดŸเต เดชเตŠเดคเตเด—เดคเดพเด—เดค เดธเด‚เดตเดฟเดงเดพเดจเด‚ เดจเดฟเดฒเดจเดฟเตผเดคเตเดคเดพเดจเตเดณเตเดณ เดธเด‚เดธเตเดฅเดพเดจเดคเตเดคเดฟเดจเตเดฑเต† เดชเตเดฐเดคเดฟเดœเตเดžเดพเดฌเดฆเตเดงเดค เด•เต‡เดฐเดณ เดฌเดœเดฑเตเดฑเต 2026 โ€“ 27 เดตเต€เดฃเตเดŸเตเด‚ เด‰เดฏเตผเดคเตเดคเดฟเด•เตเด•เดพเดŸเตเดŸเดฟ. เดฌเดœเดฑเตเดฑเต เดชเตเดฐเดธเด‚เด—เด‚ เด…เดจเตเดธเดฐเดฟเดšเตเดšเต, เดˆ เด—เดตเตบเดฎเต†เดจเตเดฑเดฟเดจเตเดฑเต† เดญเดฐเดฃเด•เดพเดฒเดคเตเดคเต โ‚น8,525.43 เด•เต‹เดŸเดฟ เดฐเต‚เดช เด•เต†เดŽเดธเตเด†เตผเดŸเดฟเดธเดฟเด•เตเด•เต เดจเตฝเด•เดฟเดฏเดฟเดŸเตเดŸเตเดฃเตเดŸเต (เดฆเดฟเดจเด‚เดชเตเดฐเดคเดฟ เดถเดฐเดพเดถเดฐเดฟ โ‚น5 เด•เต‹เดŸเดฟ เดฐเต‚เดช). เด•เต†.เดŽเดธเต.เด†เตผ.เดŸเดฟ.เดธเดฟเดฏเดฟเตฝ เด‡เดคเตเดฐเดฏเดงเดฟเด•เด‚ เดจเดฟเด•เตเดทเต‡เดชเด‚ เดจเดŸเดคเตเดคเตเดฎเตเดชเต‹เดดเตเด‚, เดธเตผเดตเต€เดธเตเด•เดณเดฟเตฝ เด‡เดจเตเดจเตเด‚ เดตเดฒเดฟเดฏเตŠเดฐเต […]
February 11, 2026
RURAL MOBILITY IN INDIA: ROADS BUILT, SERVICES MISSING

Rural Mobility in India: Roads Built, Services Missing

Rural India is home to nearly two-thirds of the countryโ€™s population, yet access to affordable and reliable public transport remains severely constrained. Over the past decade, large-scale investments under schemes such as the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana have significantly […]
February 9, 2026

Beyond Roads: Addressing Indiaโ€™s Rural Mobility Gap

India built rural roads, but affordable transport services remain missingโ€”deepening the rural mobility gap. Photo Credit: Hindustan Times This article examines the growing gap between rural road infrastructure and actual mobility in India. Despite massive investments in rural roads, the […]
February 6, 2026

Urban Development in Budget 2026โ€“27: Ambition Without Capacity

The Union Budget 2026โ€“27 marks a shift in urban policy, positioning cities as economic engines while reducing central support. With greater reliance on markets and local bodies, urban growth now enters a more uncertain phase. The Union Budget 2026โ€“27 signals […]
February 6, 2026

Shared IPT and the Regulatory Structure of Stage and Contract Carriages in South Indian States

Shared Intermediate Public Transport (Shared IPT) systems such as share autos, e-rickshaws, and small motor cabs have emerged across India as a market-driven response to gaps in formal public transport, particularly in peri-urban and low-density areas. Despite performing stage-like functions, […]
January 3, 2026

Comparison of Cost of Operations in KSRTC, Private Stage Carriages, and AITP Buses

Keralaโ€™s bus-based public transport system, which has long been regarded as the backbone of the stateโ€™s everyday mobility, has witnessed a steady decline in the past two decadesโ€”from 35,000 in the early 2000s to 12,500 in 2023. This decline, driven […]
June 3, 2025

Bicycle Commuting in India: Trends, Challenges & Solutions

Historical Overview of Bicycle Commuting Trends in India Bicycle commuting in India has seen a significant socio-economic transformation. It has evolved from a source of pleasure during the colonial era to a symbol of lower-class conveyance by the mid-1990s, and […]
September 24, 2024

From Connectivity to Chaos: The Reality of Kochi’s Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) Corridors

The non-motorised transport (NMT) corridors in Kochi fail to meet actual transportation needs, with obstacles making navigation challenging. Key Takeaways For whom are we building non-motorised transport (NMT) corridors? Observing the recently constructed NMT corridors in Kochi, one might conclude […]